When do centrosomes replicate in the cell cycle

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In the G 2 phase, the cell replenishes its energy stores and synthesizes proteins necessary for chromosome manipulation. Some cell organelles are duplicated, and the cytoskeleton is dismantled to provide resources for the mitotic phase. There may be additional cell growth during G 2. The final preparations for the mitotic phase must be completed before the cell is able to enter the first stage of mitosis. During the multistep mitotic phase, the cell nucleus divides, and the cell components split into two identical daughter cells.

The mitotic phase is a multistep process during which the duplicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move into two new, identical daughter cells.

The first portion of the mitotic phase is called karyokinesis or nuclear division. The second portion of the mitotic phase, called cytokinesis, is the physical separation of the cytoplasmic components into the two daughter cells. Karyokinesis, also known as mitosis, is divided into a series of phases prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase that result in the division of the cell nucleus.

Stages of the Cell Cycle : Karyokinesis or mitosis is divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The images at the bottom were taken by fluorescence microscopy hence, the black background of cells artificially stained by fluorescent dyes: blue fluorescence indicates DNA chromosomes and green fluorescence indicates microtubules spindle apparatus. The membranous organelles such as the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum fragment and disperse toward the periphery of the cell.

The nucleolus disappears and the centrosomes begin to move to opposite poles of the cell. Microtubules that will eventually form the mitotic spindle extend between the centrosomes, pushing them farther apart as the microtubule fibers lengthen.

The sister chromatids begin to coil more tightly with the aid of condensin proteins and become visible under a light microscope.

The remnants of the nuclear envelope fragment. The mitotic spindle continues to develop as more microtubules assemble and stretch across the length of the former nuclear area. Chromosomes become more condensed and discrete. Each sister chromatid develops a protein structure called a kinetochore in the centromeric region.

The proteins of the kinetochore attract and bind mitotic spindle microtubules. Kinetochore and Mitotic Spindle : During prometaphase, mitotic spindle microtubules from opposite poles attach to each sister chromatid at the kinetochore.

In anaphase, the connection between the sister chromatids breaks down and the microtubules pull the chromosomes toward opposite poles. The sister chromatids are still tightly attached to each other by cohesin proteins. At this time, the chromosomes are maximally condensed. Each chromatid, now called a chromosome, is pulled rapidly toward the centrosome to which its microtubule is attached.

The cell becomes visibly elongated oval shaped as the polar microtubules slide against each other at the metaphase plate where they overlap. The mitotic spindles are depolymerized into tubulin monomers that will be used to assemble cytoskeletal components for each daughter cell.

Nuclear envelopes form around the chromosomes and nucleosomes appear within the nuclear area.